Developing and applying theories in a pluralistic society – The Person Centred Method

For this task I will consider Carl Roger's individual focused strategy and it's application to lesbian ladies in a pluralist society, I will draw upon the hypothetical casing work recently utilized in my introduction. Carl Rogers (1902-1987) was the author of the individual focused strategy his hypotheses are related with the Humanistic brain research it is additionally connected with Maslow(1908-1970) and phenomenological approach. Phenomenology is a philosophical evaluation of the individual it was created by Husserl (1975), the emphasis is on the emotional experience. The strategy included requires the expert to suspend their suspicion and understanding of the customer's reality, consequently permitting the customer to decipher and investigate their own encounters and considerations. It is imperative to consider the setting in which mental speculations conceptualized and created. Humanistic brain research created in the mechanical age and in the 50's and 60's it in this way puts extraordinary significance on the person as an individual taking a stab at freedom, self actualisation and their most extreme potential. Dryden et al (1989) have likewise given a layout of the beginnings of the humanistic hypothesis, that these were in the rich time of the 50's and 60's in California, terms, for example, self actualisation, can be only a ‘slogan' that is applied with no genuine significance, when differentiated between the prosperous, hopeful society of California, it can have an alternate importance for those individuals that are in destitution are jobless or destitute. The idea of self actualisation which is viewed as important by analysts, for example, Rogers can be investigated according to lesbian ladies and how society conceptualizes them. Homosexuality has been seen by psychotherapists and therapists as a dysfunctional behavior, and was considered as such until 1974 when the American Psychiatric Association declassified it, anyway there was significant resistance to this from psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and ‘medical model' specialists ( Mcleod J, 1998), in-certainty psychotherapy was utilized to attempt to ‘cure' homosexuality. In spite of the fact that crafted by Rogers' has supported advancement and has been related with development away from the past clinical model of psychological instability, one the downsides of Rogerian individual focused treatment out lined by Ivey et al (1997) is that it is a ‘highly verbal' procedure, which is over-worried about the more profound importance of life as opposed to handling issues and discovering arrangements. In this way it may not be fit to all customers particularly those with psychological wellness issues and so forth. Roger's treatment known as ‘person focused' and non-order meant to change the level of influence towards that of the customer, and to regard the person as a ‘client' as opposed to a patient. Anyway this point can be bantered concerning whether the perceived leverage is really moved and the control is with the beneficiary, as opposed to the supplier of the treatment. Analysis of treatments, for example, Rogerian, psychodynamic and psychological conduct as indicated by Ivey et al (1997) is that they place duty regarding the issue with the customer as opposed to thinking about basic, political and natural issues that are applicable to the customers experience. The individual focused strategy corresponding to lesbian ladies should be applied such that is touchy to them, in this way if the advisor is male he should know that he doesn't force his own suppositions and translation onto the customer, right off the bat about his thoughts regarding ladies' jobs inside society and as nurturers, spouses and moms, besides cliché recognitions about lesbianism. Women's activists scrutinize models of the helping relationship which have their starting points in the white working class male belief system, they relate this to the manner in which a male centric culture abuses ladies into agreeable jobs, Banks (1999) additionally questions whether male advisors can approve a female customers encounters in a male ruled society. Hetro-sexual ladies can likewise persecute lesbians through negative presumptions and homophobia that can prompt impressive our own qualities and suspicions about lesbian connections, McLeod (1998) gives a genuine model where a female specialist attempted to effectively urge her lesbian customer to date men. The individual focused methodology places specific accentuation on the utilization of the center conditions, genuiness, unrestricted positive respect and compassion, and its perspective on human instinct is sure and idealistic in contrast with Freudian brain science. The center conditions out lined by Rogers has a basic impact in building a remedial relationship, between the advisor and the customer. From my expert experience when filling in as instruction social laborer identifying with a high school pregnancy, the young lady was fifteen years of age and Asian. I was shocked when she said that she thought she was a lesbian, anyway working with the youngster and applying Rogers center conditions, of genuiness, sympathy and unlimited constructive respect, empowered me to understand that individuals need to find their sexuality and who the genuine individual is; society can put pressure on youngsters to adjust to the standards of a white, hetero society and in this manner place states of worth on them. Unrestricted positive respect which is tolerating the customers encounters without judgment is basic in building a helpful relationship, in any case if the instructor has retained negative, homophobic suspicions about homosexuality, from the general public that he/she lives in then these may intentionally or unwittingly be moved on to the customer. Humanistic psychotherapist Don Clark (1987) has communicated that remedial lack of bias is difficult to keep up, since we have accepted society's negative generalizations of homosexuality, he has expressed that â€Å"it is pretentious to expect that advocates who have been educated about important ideas, for example, unlimited positive respect can apply them with gay-lesbian customers in the event that they don't know about their own hetero or homophobia biases† (Davies and Neal,1996) A lesbian ladies may for instance think that its hard to deal with her own sexuality, in light of adverse generalizations and disgrace related with it, â€Å"Lesbian ladies are raised to see themselves as a half individual without a man, they may consider union with be a way to self-awareness, grown-up hood, opportunity, and motherhood†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ( Davies and Neal,1996) the advocate may thusly need to empower the lesbian lady to reestablish her confidence and her idea of being a lady, the conventional female jobs, as mother and spouse may not be generalizations that she desires. The effect of Homophobia on the self idea of a lesbian lady will make states of worth, in this way lesbians may feel they are not commendable people on the off chance that they are not hetero, don't have youngsters, have a male accomplice and act as society anticipates that ladies should do. Bradshaw (1998) has characterized the idea of ‘Toxic disgrace' according to disguised homophobia inside the self-idea. This idea can't be completely comprehended without the utilization of a progressively diverse way to deal with guiding on the grounds that it expresses that the self idea can become, delicate and a bogus self idea can create, through disavowal, this might be cognizant or oblivious however it will be because of the dread of disclosure. Harmful disgrace can prompt the improvement of guards which can prompt liquor, substance misuse, self destruction endeavors, removing oneself from others, underachievement or over-accomplishment and so on. Being utilitarian or broken individual is especially pertinent to how lesbian ladies' personality and self idea creates, turning out to be practical person requires having the option to utilize ones own organismic esteeming process, which amplifies the possibility to develop and turn into the genuine self. The broken person lives to meet the estimations of others to gain love and regard. Coming out as a lesbian in this manner is full of nervousness and even threat of dismissal by family, companions and network. The essential inquiry is will they be esteemed by society on the off chance that they come out as Lesbian? The organismic need to come out and be acknowledged as a lesbian ought to be encouraged by the specialist to empower the customer to acknowledge their genuine personality; anyway the customer ought to be prepared to do this time permitting. In this manner acknowledgment from the specialist or social laborer or other expert is a basic initial step. Anyway specialists just as different experts, for example, social laborers can without much of a stretch persecute lesbian ladies, a model from my training experience when working with the Education Welfare administration for a situation where the kid was not going to class normally, during the home visit the customer uncovered that her relationship with her better half had separated and that she had begun a lesbian relationship, this quickly driven me to make the supposition that the youngster's non-participation might be identified with this new relationship. On reflection I saw that it was so natural to hop to an end identifying with same sex connections and would I have made a similar supposition if the relationship was with an accomplice of the other gender? Drawing from my own experience I notice how effectively experts from helping associations can make suppositions that can prompt segregation and persecution, when working in an asylum for defenseless ladies that had been the casualties of aggressive behavior at home, a Black lady with four youngsters went to the middle it was expected consequently by the individual from staff bringing down her history that the oppressive accomplice was male. The lady found that she needed to clarify that she was in a lesbian relationship, and the oppressive accomplice was another lady. This is a genuine model where social presumptions and generalizations where ladies are seen to be agreeable, latent people that are the casualties of aggressive behavior at home as opposed to its culprits. It additionally shows that assum

Carbon Fibres and Composite Material Free Sample for Students

Question: Compose a Research Paper on a Composite Materials of your Choice utilized in Medical Application. Answer: Presentation As indicated by Goodman et al. (2011), a composite material alludes to a mix of at least two materials that are of various creation, physical property, and morphology. These materials are regularly consolidated for a minuscule scope. Contingent upon the constituent properties, composites are as a rule intended to (or aiming to) creating materials with materials planned for satisfying explicit mechanical, physical, or synthetic necessities. Accordingly, Hofmann (2016) calls attention to that the utilization of composite materials have dynamically expanded for as long as 40 years and have numerous utilizations in the car, flight related, clinical, and maritime fields among different enterprises. Thusly, unique composite biomaterials have been tried and read for use in the clinical field and are frequently popularized for their points of interest of the customary composite materials that were utilized previously. In the clinical field, most human tissues, for example, skin, bones, ligaments, teeth, and tendon are composites comprised of single constituents whose conveyance, morphology, sum, and properties are the significant determinants of the last conduct of the subsequent organ or tissue as indicated by Paknikar and Kumbhar (2015). A similar report means that human-caused composite materials to can too be utilized in making prostheses that are utilized to imitate these natural tissues with the point of guaranteeing thy coordinate their mechanical conduct and reestablish the mechanical elements of the body tissues that have been harmed. This paper presents the history, structure and union, mechanical properties, potential uses, just as advantages and disadvantages of the carbon-fiber-strengthened, look (CFR-PEEK) composite material whose utilization have been considered, tried, and demonstrated fit for clinical purposes. History of the Composite Material Carbon Fiber, a polymer that is otherwise called a graphite fiber, is a solid material and light in weight. In spite of the fact that stiffer than steel, its light weight makes it appropriate for use as a crude material in the assembling of different materials (Garry, 2013). The composite material was found in 1879 by Edison Thomas. The researcher upheld bamboo silvers and cotton strings at high temperature carbonizing them into a fiber of all-carbon. His creation prompted the utilization of superior carbon filaments in 1958 in Cleveland. CF-PEEK was then presented as a lattice where long and short PEEK strands were utilized as the composite network to guarantee the final result had the characteristics of the two filaments. Regardless of the way that they were wasteful, the strands contained roughly 20% carbon with low firmness and quality properties. Be that as it may, the carbon filaments quality potential was acknowledged in 1963 through another assembling procedure at British res earch place (David et al., 2014). In the clinical field, carbon-fiber-fortified look materials extend from enormous scope segments, for example, x-beam application materials to most undetectable jolts inside used to help the bones in the body as indicated by Paknikar and Kumbhar (2015). CFR-PEEK materials have for quite a while been received for use in the clinical field in various aspects. They are broadly utilized in the orthopedic procedures for the most part for bone specialties, bone solidifying, hip joint substitution, and in the obsession of the bone plates in the body. Hofmann (2016) calls attention to that CFR-PEEK can be created with elasticity or firmness in the ability of the bone they supplant in the body. Thus, the materials are effectively finding their way into the clinical gadgets as inserts to supplant the inner body organs and tissues. Truly, numerous difficulties have been looked by embed planners in accomplishing acknowledgment from various administrative offices all around. Notwithstanding, the employments of carbon-fiber-strengthened looks are on the ascent because of mechanical progressions and advancements. New clinical applications and composite materials are picking up ubiquity and endorsement in numerous pieces of the US food and medication organization (Garry, 2013). CFR-PEEK are utilized in the detailing of bone developments for inserts, for example, transitory bone backings and bone sinks for the most part embraced the orthopedic fixes. These materials have been received for use in the bioresorbable polymers that can securely separate and be consumed by the body in the remaking procedure of the bone. Sturucture and Synthesis of the Composite In the clinical business, the main blend prerequisite is a presentation parameter demonstrating the general benefits of various plans of CFR-PEEK with the essential information that the development and smaller scale movement of bones can be utilized for various purposes in a clinical view. What follows is a limited component code that decides the strains in the bone utilized as basic parameters in assessing the exhibition of the carbon fiber. The CF-PEEK composite is produced by the utilization of a crossover texture making out of PEEK and carbon fiber as a network that is then adjusted and treated by low temperature and oxygen plasma. The procedure is then trailed by X-beam photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier change lessened all out reflection infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) that are basic I relating the usefulness and harshness of the carbon fiber surface with the PEEK interfacial attachment quality. The plasma treatment is planned for expan ding the harshness of the carbon fiber surface while the drawn out treatment results into the smoothing. Figure 1: The structure of carbon As indicated by Duraccio, Mussano, and Faga (2015), the basic properties of a composite material are controlled by the length, volume, and arrangement of the carbon fiber it contains. Aside from being solid, carbon strands have high elasticity and solidness however with low weight. It additionally has a high concoction obstruction and is regularly open minded to high temperature and over the top warmth however with a low warm development as meant by Garry (2013). Mechanical Properties As indicated by Cano and Guilemany (2016), the mechanical property of a composite material can be dictated by the mechanical properties of CFR-PEEK. Carbon strands comprise of solid and slim crystalline carbon fibers for the fortifying of different materials. David et al. (2014) indicate that the filaments can be more slender than the human hair yet gets its quality when the strands are contorted and laid over a covered and shaped into plastics or sap. For these mechanical properties, carbon fiber is adjusted for utilize in the clinical field as well as numerous ventures, for example, the military, car, and aviation. There are two principle types of carbon fiber fuse utilized in composites for clinical applications. Short CFR-PEEKs that comprise of short carbon strands arbitrarily adjusted and are generally under 0.4 mm, utilized as makers of the homogeneous material property for the embed. Long CFR-PEEK comprises of carbon filaments basically running the whole width of most composite materials. The long CFR-PEEK has an elasticity that is more prominent than 2000 Mpa when contrasted with the 170 Mpa which is of the short carbon fiber (Aspenberg, 2014). Subsequently, their controlled arrangement of these carbon strands thus helps in giving an expansive scope of anisotropic properties that can be controlled for explicit capacities relying upon there the composite material that should be made and the utilization. Figure 2: An outline of the mechanical idea of carbon-fiber-fortified look Favorable circumstances and Disadvantges of Carbon Fibers Ajioka et al. (2016) indicate that carbon-fiber-fortified look material is designed to deliver a changing level of firmness and quality dependent on the number and direction of the carbon strands utilized. It is thus simpler to enable the producer to coordinate the flexibility of the unresolved issue supplanted with the composite embed material that will be fixed. Then again, Paknikar and Kumbhar (2015) additionally means that utilizing carbon strands as composite materials is simpler since, before their advancements, producers were confronting difficulties from modulus confuse of the then utilized metal inserts. For example, the confuse was frequently creating pressure protecting; adjust stacking, and a periprosthetic bone rebuilding process that was regularly adverse. Financially accessible carbon fiber composite materials have been tried in a few different ways for exhaustion cycles however have consistently demonstrated to be powerful and safe. Nayeri (2014) indicates that the normal quality for a 4.5mm embed plate is 19.1 Newton meters while that of a comparative 4.5mm treated steel pressure plate is 17.8 Newton meters. The bowing quality of accessible 10-mm CFR-PEEK is averagely 80.3 Nm, while a 11-mm titanium tibial plate bowing quality is 43 Nm. This has demonstrated that the testing for wear flotsam and jetsam of the inserts is altogether lower than the wear garbage quality of titanium plates produced using the steel as called attention to by Goodman et al. (2011). A similar report indicates that the recuperating and crack decrease are accessible for a standard radiograph. The nonattendance of both MRI and processed tomography implies that CFR-PEEK for the composite inserts has applications for diseases, spine, and for oncologic cases. Despite the fact that there are a few favorable circumstances of utilizing the carbon-fiber-fortified look composite inserts for clinical reasons, there are additionally some particular inconveniences. For example, they can't be shaped thus making their utilization in break obsession restricted to straight diaphyseal henceforth requiring a particular locking screw procedure anatomically intended for the particular crack Utech and Boccaccini (2016). Simultaneously, firmness can be valuable to the collector, yet the an excessive amount of adaptability is too perilous as it can prompt pseudarthrosis. The expanded weariness quality of the inserts helps in diminishing any conceivable hazard to exhaustion disappointment. In any case, t

How to Manage Financial Stress

How to Manage Financial Stress How to Manage Financial Stress How to Manage Financial StressDon’t let bad credit and money woes impact your health.Sweaty palms. Trouble sleeping. Adrenaline coursing through your veins. For many of us, these are telltale symptoms of stress. If these are symptoms you experience while worrying about bad credit, unexpected expenses, saving for the future, or how to make ends meet each month, you are not alone.According to the 2017 Stress in America report from the American Psychological Association (APA), financial stress is the second most common stressor in the United States. Sixty-two percent of respondents reported experiencing financial stress; about one-third of adults said they worry about unexpected expenses, three-in-10   expressed concerns about saving for retirement, and a quarter of Americans reported “the ability to pay for life’s essentials” is stressful.Stress can physically and mentally affect your body. When left unmanaged, stress can become chronic, leaving you physically and emotionally o verwhelmed and running on empty, which can translate into serious health problems. Learn how stressing about bad credit, bills, and other financial woes can have a long-term impact on your overall well-being.How does financial stress affect you?According to the APA, chronic stress can affect almost every system in your body and lead to all sorts of health issues from anxiety to a sluggish immune system. Chronic stress happens when daily stressors are not managed well or outright ignored, as well as in response to traumatic events. The longer the stress goes unchecked, the most likely it is to turn into a health issue like high blood pressure, or contribute to one like depression. Let’s take a closer look at the effects financial stress can have on various parts of your body:Musculoskeletal system. This system includes your muscles and bones. Stress tends to make our muscles tense up â€" it’s a way we try to protect ourselves in anticipation of pain or injuries. Usually, our musc les tend to relax when we get our stress under control, but chronic stress can mean that your muscles never get a chance to relax. This can lead to chronic pain and even tension headaches and migraines.Respiratory system. This is the system that allows us to breathe. Stress can sometimes constrict our breathing, which can lead to rapid breathing or shortness of breath. These symptoms are often worse for those who already have respiratory diseases, such as emphysema or asthma.Cardiovascular system. This is the system that pumps blood around our bodies, which in turn delivers oxygen and takes away waste. When a stressor is upon us, hormones like adrenaline, cortisol, and noradrenaline pump through our blood.For early humans, these hormones helped protect them and give them what they needed to fight or flee. This response is still with us today, and as a result, our heart rate and blood pressure increases when we are stressed. Usually, once the stress passes, everything returns to norm al, but with chronic stress, our heart rate and blood pressure can stay elevated, wearing down parts of the cardiovascular system. This can contribute to an increased risk for cardiovascular events, like heart attacks and strokes.Endocrine system. Your endocrine system is a network of glands that regulate hormones in your body. When something stressful happens, your endocrine system initiates a response that engages what’s called the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which produces steroid hormones like cortisol. Cortisol and similar hormones also work with your immune system to fight infections and reduce inflammation. Chronic stress increases hormone output, which can interfere with the communication between the immune system and the HPA axis. This can lead to a weakened immune system and has been linked to mental health issues.Gastrointestinal system. Did you know that there is a strong link between your gut and your brain? There is. Chronic stress can cause gastrointe stinal issues such as bloating, upset stomach, heartburn, and more. Disruptions in your gut caused by stress can also affect your mood and cognitive abilities, thanks to the gut-brain connection.Nervous system. Your nervous system is the control center for all your body’s other functions. There are several components, and when stress occurs, they enable the stress response in all the systems explored above. Chronic stress leaves the systems activated, which wears you out physically and emotionally.Reproductive system. No, not even your reproductive system is safe from stress. In men, stress can cause low libido, sperm mobility, and sperm count. In women, it can pause menstruation, cause irregular or painful periods, lower libido, decrease fertility, and jeopardize the health of pregnancies.This is all serious stuff! So how do you manage stress? It often comes down to making changes to your lifestyle and behavior.How can you manage financial stress?The thing about financial stress is it often comes when money is tight. Some forms of stress managementâ€"like regular yoga classes at your local studioâ€"can add up and become expensive. That’s why we’ve put together some budget-friendly ways to manage stress.Take time for self-care. This can include exercise and meditation, both of which have been proven to reduce the physical and mental symptoms of stress. According to educational psychologist Elisa Robyn, this need not cost any money. There are many free health and wellness programs available for streaming on YouTube, such as yoga, tai chi, weight training, and other forms of exercise, she says. “Because these are used at home, there is no time spent traveling to a gym, and the classes can be broken into smaller segments,” so that you can juggle them with your other responsibilities.It might not even need to take you much time to feel the effects. According to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America, a 10-minute walk may be as good for your me ntal health as a 45-minute workout. Exercise releases endorphins, which can combat the negative effects of stress.Robyn also advises scheduling “no-worry” time, which can take the form of meditation. Meditation is a kind of mental practice that helps you train your awareness and attention. This can help you manage your mental state, returning you to calmness and stability. If you do not yet know how to medicate, there are many guided meditations available online for free.Unplug from negative influences. “The internet, specifically social media, can add to financial stress if you follow people that you are tempted to compare your financial situation to,” says Logan Allec, a CPA and owner of personal finance site Money Done Right. His advice? Unplugâ€"or at least unfollow.   “If you are going through a period of significant financial stress, unplugging from social media completely can help,” he says. “Eliminating the temptation to compare yourself to everyone you see on social media when you are in a financially stressful situation can be quite freeing.”Focus on the positive. “Remember your financial situation is temporary,” says Dr. Randi Nelson, a board-certified pediatrician, financial wellness expert, and author of Ladynomics: A Woman’s Prescription for Wealth and Financial Well-Being. “The key is to remain positive while seeking solutions to your problems and to express gratitude, although you may feel that you have very little to be thankful for.”Robyn agrees. “Spend a few minutes every day focused on how, at that moment, you are warm and safe and dry,” she says. She said she herself used this sentiment as a mantra, which helped her focus on the positive in life instead of the negative. It’s also important to remember that money isn’t everything and your financial troubles do not define you. Robyn recommends taking time to account for all that you are proud of in your life. “Are you a great parent? Think about that. Are you going to school to improve your life?” she says. “Be proud,” and take stock of your accomplishments.Identify your specific stressors and create a plan. Sometimes, financial problems can seem overwhelming and impossible to overcome. This doesn’t have to be true. The first step is to identify your individual financial stressors â€" student loans, credit card debt, unstable budget â€" and to create a plan to resolve them. Nelson recommends for the plan to involve “taking baby steps to reducing and eliminating financial issues.”Small steps are easier than giant leaps, which can seem overwhelming. The APA agrees that committing a plan to paper can itself reduce stress, and taking actionâ€"like contacting creditors to ask for help and payment plansâ€"can get the ball moving forward if you are stuck in a spiral.Increase financial literacy. A lot of financial stress is caused simply by not having a firm grasp of the basics. The internet is full of resources to help you learn about your finances, including podcasts, financial blogs like this one, and financial literacy courses, like our very own OppU.Increased financial literacy can help you create a workable budget, start saving for an emergency fund, and avoid high-risk predatory loans, like bad credit loans, no credit check loans, and payday loansâ€"the kinds of financial products that are almost certain to contribute to your financial stress and not lessen it.ContributorsLogan Allec  is a CPA and owner of the personal finance website Money Done Right. After spending his twenties grinding it out in the corporate world and paying off more than $35,000 in student loans, he dropped everything, and in 2017, launched Money Done Right. His mission is to help everybodyâ€"from college students to retireesâ€"make, save, and invest more money. He resides in the Los Angeles area with his wife Caroline. Follow him on Twitter  @moneydoneright.Dr. Randi B. Nelson  is also a nationally recognized author, speaker, a nd consultant. She is a sought-after media expert regarding children and young adult health issues in addition to a financial wellness expert due to her extensive 14-year career as a vice president in investment banking.  She is   the author of the No. 1 Amazon best seller  Ladynomics: A Woman’s Prescription to Wealth and Financial Well-Being.  Dr. Nelson lives and work in Brooklyn, NY.Dr. Elisa Robyn has a bachelors and masters degree in geology, a PhD in educational psychology, and a second masters degree in Jewish studies. She has more than 20 years of experience as a professor and academic dean in various institutions. She has expertise in advising students on undergraduate and graduate academic and career pathways. Dr. Robyn also has an active blog, and is the author of two books and several academic articles. For more information, visit  elisarobyn.com.

Cardiovascular Diseases A Global Health Challenge

Cardiovascular diseases continue to be a lingering global health challenge (WHO, 2014) as well as in the United States (CDC, 2014). Major efforts are geared towards tackling this health challenge; reducing the disease burden, addressing the underlying factors, as well as the risk factors. Preventing the onset of cardiovascular disease is the best approach and education is the most formidable tool for achieving the best results. For some individuals, however, who already have cardiovascular diseases, treating and managing it, is the next best option and the tool for empowerment and proper management is education as well. Purpose Cardiovascular diseases occur in many different forms, many of which can be prevented or treated with healthy lifestyle choices (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014) and the tool for achieving this is by health education campaigns. Health education attempts to inform individuals and various populations and influence their behaviors towards healthier lifestyle choices aimed at an improved and healthier population (Minelli Breckon, 2009). As identified in the preceding paper, certain behavioral factors contribute to cardiovascular diseases, they include; tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, high sodium/salt intake and harmful use of alcohol (WHO, 2014). Thus, the aim of this educational campaign is to influence the adoption of a healthy diet by reducing sodium content in food, as well as adopting physical activity (exercise) so as to reduce theShow MoreRelatedCardiovascular Disease : A Global Health Challenge That Has Affected Developed And Developing Countries Alike794 Words   |  4 Pages Cardiovascular disease is a global health challenge that has affected developed and developing countries alike. It is the leading cause of mortality globally (WHO, 2014) and in the United States (CDC, 2014). 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Cardiovascular disease in non-western countries. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2438-40. 3. Leeder SR, Raymond SU, Greenberg H, Lui H, Esson K. A race against time: the challenge of cardiovascular disease in developing economies. The Center for Global Health and Economic Development. New York: Columbia University; 2004. 4. Yusuf S, Reddy S, Ounpuu S, Anand S. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: partRead MoreThe Causes Of Non-Communicable Diseases ( NCD )1117 Words   |  5 PagesNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) are diseases that result from a combination of physiological, genetic, behavioural or lifestyle and environmental causes (WHO, 2017). NCDs are not infectious and are not passed from one person to another. NCDs are also called chronic diseases because they tend to be diseases that have long durations. The global burden of NCDs accounts for about 70% of all global deaths annually (WHO, 2017). The burden of NCDs affects low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) disproportionately

How to Write an Essay on Southern California Environmental Disaster - Wildfires

How to Write an Essay on Southern California Environmental Disaster Wildfires First of all, work on your essay in accordance with the standard scheme. Take into consideration three main sections of the typical essay: introduction, main part (body), and conclusion. We will show up the essay writing process on the example of the â€Å"Southern California Environmental Disaster – Wildfires† topic. Introduction In the introduction part it is advisable to tell about this disaster in general and mention that recently wild fires in the southern California have caused many catastrophes. Moreover, a huge number of people were left homeless and a lot of them have died. Main Part (Body) In this section, taking into consideration the topic of the essay, it is recommended to provide your readers with the statistics data. You can mention that one of the most destructive wildfires that took place in the southern California was in 1878. More than 60  000 land acres were burnt in LA. More than 50  000 land acres were burnt in 1889. In 2003 more than 3  361 homes were destroyed and more than 26 people died. Tell about lessons the global community could learn from these fires. Although the massive wild fires are behind, there are more expected in the future. The fire policy we have nowadays is not effective enough. That is why, in order to prevent the future natural disasters, the governments should put all their efforts to the finding engineering solutions to deal with such natural events. Conclusion At the end of the essay, it is recommended to provide your own solutions of the wild fires in the southern California (special programs taken by the government, building up evacuation points, etc.).

Is there any relief to the grimness in section one of 1984 Free Essays

In the dystopian society Orwell creates in 1984 there is an overwhelming, yet unsettlingly familiar sense of irony; the omnipotent leaders of Oceania, Big Brother and the inner party members, claim to be controlling the everyday lives of the citizens in order to bring them a better life, ‘for the good of the party’ and ‘our new, happy life’. However, this is the distinct opposite to the reality Winston Smith lives in; a totalitarian state which professes to bring hope and happiness, yet in actuality drains any sense of optimism and joy. In a place bereft of any hope, Winston Smith finds himself desperately searching for a sense of individuality and relief. We will write a custom essay sample on Is there any relief to the grimness in section one of 1984? or any similar topic only for you Order Now It would be wrong to assume, however, that Orwell’s society is completely and utterly deprived of solace, there are, at least in section, one faint glimmers of hope, small fragments to which Winston clings; a person he sees in the corridor, the masses of lower classes, the diary in which he writes. There are little details in Winston’s life that do bring a sense of relief; the fact that luckily his room contains an area in which he can remain unseen by the telescreens. This offers him a minute place of solitude in a society where Big Brother is omnipresent. The presence of his diary and his pen, there is relief in the fact that he is able to write, even if it is extremely dangerous to do so. Remnants of the past can still be found in some places, the paper weight Winston finds, for example becomes something beautiful and rare that brings colour to the grimness of his situation. The shop in itself appears to be a place of hope, Winston finds himself strangely drawn back to it. Full of memories and paraphernalia of the past it offers some relief to the dark and bleak present. Winston also finds relief in people, evidently the wrong ones as the reader later finds out, but nonetheless the character of O’Brien appeals to him, † we shall meet in a place where there is no darkness† Winston is told by him and this gives him hope. He writes his diary to O’ Brien and thinks this may be the only person who understands and feels the same way, offering him a sense of comfort ‘†I am with you†¦. I am on your side† O’ Brien seems to be saying’ and although Winston is gravely mistaken, there is some relief that he believes somebody empathises with him, this gives him faith. â€Å"Proles and animals are free† states the party slogan, and Winston believes with conviction that the only prominent hope are within these ‘swarming disregarded masses’. The proles seem free, whereas the rest of the population is indoctrinated and docile. The proles can express themselves, they are allowed to be passionate even if it only about beer and the lottery. It is ironic that passion can also be evoked in the outer and inner party members, yet this passion is in relation to ‘the two minute hate’ and to Big Brother, rather than a passion for freedom and for hope. Thus continuously Orwell writes that ‘if there is hope, it lies in the Proles’. Orwell himself states that the proles â€Å"represent real human beings with their emotions intact and not driven out of them. † Winston recognises that the Proles are the key to change, as they are the only people capable of thinking for themselves. However this is only a limited relief, the proles have been tamed and occupied by the party, they are allowed certain freedom because they do not have the ability to rebel, as Orwell writes they are not conscious of their own strength, â€Å"Until they become conscious they will never rebel, and until after they have rebelled they cannot become conscious. † To that end hope may indeed lie with the proles yet it seems unlikely to amount to the rebellion needed to bring relief to Oceania. The idea that logic, tautologies and mathematics can never be truly altered is a key theme throughout 1984, in section one there is still hope and optimism in these fields, or so Winston beliefs. â€Å"Freedom is the freedom to say that two plus two makes four. If that is granted, all else follows. † This belief gives Winston something to hold on to, he knows that it is true and it offers a sort of promise that at least something is inalterable. Winston wonders whether if everybody believed that two plus two makes five, it be considered truth. Yet the fact remains that although history is rewritten, and events and people erased, no bureaucracy can alter the universal laws of maths. In section one Memory features as an outlet for relief and a place of hope, although it is evident that people do not remember the past as well as they should, Winston still has vague recollections and images from his past, the images of his mother and sister haunt him, but at least they show that there was something before. proles remember lottery†¦.. remembers songs†¦.. †¦ shop keeper memory†¦. man in pub†¦ 984 is often described as a warning to the future; Oceania has strong parallels with Stalin’s Russia and the message still resonates with the modern reader familiar with the sense of paranoia and increasing government restrictions in light of international events. Perhaps hope can be drawn from Orwell’s footnote in the beginning pages, stating that ‘newspeak’ was the official language, the past tense suggests, as propounded by Margaret Atwood, that the dystopia was not eternal. For Winston Smith, in the immediate present of Oceania, there is a small sense of relief, yet only perhaps because he is looking for it. He perceives himself to be different from the rest of the outer party members and this helps him to find some relief, yet at the same time also mentally tortures him as he wonders if he is a lunatic, ‘ a minority of one’. Although there is some relief to the grimness in section one, there is not quite enough to combat the totalitarian control of Big Brother, it seems that Winston Smith eventually starts to take risks, not because he is hopeful or experience relief, but because he becomes even more apathetic towards his own existence. How to cite Is there any relief to the grimness in section one of 1984?, Papers

Project Launch Decision of Big Cheez

Question: Describe about the Report for Project Launch Decision of Big Cheez. Answer: Should Big Cheez Launch Project X or will it turn into Competitions Lunch? Big Cheez is responsible for providing an external assessment regarding Global Technologies new project X program. Such initiative is supposed to increase the share and profitability within the developing biofeedback market segment. Project X launch decision of Big Cheez is taken based on financial, SWOT and risk/scenario analysis along with overall assessment of the project (Gatti 2013). From the market data analysis, it was gathered that the company had a strong record of accomplishment in high tech business and was renowned for launching products to market successfully as compared to its competitors. Such record of accomplishment confirms that the product X launch would attain success in the market. The design engineering team ensured that the team would make the best efforts in taking prototype delivery date as enough engineers were committed to the completion of the project. Moreover, project X is backed up with new technologies that will manufacture superior quality product tha n its competitors. The information gathered from the project management team confirmed that the new project launch is on-schedule and the management predicts that the project launch team will pick up the slack and complete all the tasks successfully within predefined time. Moreover, the product demand forecast depicts that over the upcoming three years the market demand for product X will increase from 12% to 86% (Marmier et al. 2013). Total demands for product X with direct sales, resellers and on internet is estimated to increase gradually until the third year of project launch. Such estimation confirms that project X should be launched, as it will stay ahead of competition with increased demand and profitability. Reference List Gatti, S., 2013.Project finance in theory and practice: designing, structuring, and financing private and public projects. Berlin: Academic Press. Marmier, F., Gourc, D. and Laarz, F., 2013. A risk oriented model to assess strategic decisions in new product development projects.Decision Support Systems,5(6), pp.74-82.

Human Dignity and the Dignity of Life Essay Example Essay Example

Human Dignity and the Dignity of Life Essay Example Paper Human Dignity and the Dignity of Life Essay Introduction Tutor: Human Dignity and the Dignity of Life Essay Body Paragraphs Human Dignity and the Dignity of Life The terms human dignity and dignity of life are often used interchangeably. It is significant to understand that these two terms were of the approach different aspects and ideologies of life although there is sometimes a thin line between them. In the history of the human being, these two terms may have meant different things to two different groups. If, for example, these two groups were to be labeled the elite and the oppressed groups, the similarities and the differences will be discussed in relation to human dignity and the dignity of life depending on the historical period. To comprehend and to appreciate the interconnectedness of life, to live and to let live, to value the small things, to die with dignity, amongst others, are the phrases that related to the term the dignity of life. Respect, self worth, equal treatment, necessities of life, integrity, amongst others, come with the term the human dignity (Bonefeld Kosmas 35). Although thes e seem quite straight forward and clear, they mean different things to the groups mentioned above. Some aspects of these two terms are similar to both the elite and the oppressed groups. The freedom to search for the life necessities such as shelter, water, food, social support, just to mention but a few has been evident since man came into being. Man has been known to hunt and cultivate as a way providing food for himself. In the early times, when people used to own slaves, the slaves used to work, and in exchange have food, clothing and shelter provided to them by their masters. The slaves also used to have families, and that is how they multiplied. During the colonial period, the colonialists allowed the colonies to live in groups, go on with their own activities of fending for themselves and keep the normal social life the elite/the colonialists had (Malpas Norelle 57). Although their social and economic life may not have resembled that of the elite, they still had a life. The oppressed and the elite groups have been sharing the human dignity concept of believing anything one wants. Since time immemorial, the people have been able to believe what they wanted especially when it came to religious beliefs. In the Roman Empire, slaves still believed in the religion of their ancestral land (Kim 76). Although the missionaries and the colonialists played a significant role in the influence of Christianity in the African community, many Africans still continued with their African practices even after the reign of the colonialists. Today, it is evident that the question of what one believes does not depend on ones social status. People are either influenced by where they have come from (background), where they are or their own understanding. This can be explained by how homosexuals view themselves as oppressed since they are not allowed to fully express themselves in public. In such a case, the elite are the heterosexuals while the oppressed are the bisexuals, hom osexuals and the transsexuals Unfortunately, the significance of such a concept as to live and to let live started being of significance in the late 20th century. The elite considered themselves as the people to decide how long the oppressed would live and how they would die. A master would kill a slave as he wished with not as much as a question from the authorities. A black man would easily end up dead while in the hands of the police without any further investigations of how that came to be (Ugwuanyi 528). A woman would be beaten and finally get killed by the husband without much concern from the family let alone the authorities. Although such actions call for the law’s intervention today, some concerns are still raised on the competence of the investigations being done and the actions taken. Respect, which is perceived as a form of human dignity, is meant to be respect from others. Unfortunately, when it comes to the elite and the oppressed groups, the elite expect respec t from the oppressed, but the oppressed do not expect the same from the elite. In the past, the oppressed, who were mostly the slaves and peasants, did not respect themselves. They felt that their obligation was to serve their masters and the rich in the society (Malpas Norelle 60). The peasants were referred as third or fourth-class citizens depending on the society. There was the royal family, the extremely rich, the middles class and the peasants. During periods of slavery, the 19th and the early twentieth century, the whites and the Blacks represented the early elite and the oppressed groups respectively. During that period, the whites were the only people to be respected, to die with dignity, to be shown compassion, to be treated equally and to acknowledge the ambiguity of the world, amongst other concepts. They acknowledged that they had more human and life dignity as compared to the blacks and so they treated them like so. Although this has slowly been erased from the physic al world and the concepts of human dignity and the dignity of life been appreciated by all parties, there are that mental part that still shows discrimination. White dominated countries do not have as many black leaders as the population dictates. Waiters and servers in the African countries will still prefer serving a Caucasian customer faster than a dark-skinned customer will. Many women do not hold leadership positions as their male counterparts. For example, there are only 12 female prime ministers,11 female presidents and 3 queens in the world. This is out of the many countries, and kingdoms we have in the world. It is approximated that 51 to 60 females have either acted as heads of states or been the heads of state after the Second World War. Although human dignity and the dignity of life may not necessarily be entirely responsible for such statistics, the aspects of inequality, empowerment of the marginalized groups and other issues affect the outcome of such statistics. When it comes to the value of small things as far as dignity of life is concerned, this might mean different things to the elite and the oppressed groups. Due to circumstances, the oppressed people value small things more than the elite do. During the slavery time, something as small as a meal in a day, no matter how small, was extremely appreciated (Ugwuanyi 529). Slaves were sold, and so it was hard to come by slaves either of the same family serving one master or in the same region. This made them value and appreciate one another very much as each was on his or her own. In the African American community during the 18th, the 19th and the early 20th century, family members were the most important, than the friends and neighbors, then the rest of the community. It is the reason why it was common to see a family inclusive of the extended family. This extends to date. The oppressed such as the poor and the disabled tend to appreciate the small things more than the elite. A beggar on the s treet appreciates a smile and a quarter more from a stranger more than a chief executive in a company’s office. The rich, even in the past, were not only concerned about one meal, but they were also concerned about the three meals, cooked and served well with wine and fruits as accompaniments. They were also concerned with banquets, balls and other celebrations. Even today, the elite or the rich are first concerned about how the community and the whole society think about them, before they are concerned about how their families perceive them. Issues exist concerning the human dignity and the dignity of life that can be learnt from our global neighbors and our near ancestors. Our ancestors believed in integrity and the emphasis of it. This is explained by the American Constitution, which was written in the 18th Century, is still followed even today with as few as less than thirty amendments (Bonefeld Kosmas 67). The founding fathers of the nation believed in integrity, and th ey acted in ways that portrayed integrity. A more specific example is where most families have something that has been passed on from one generation down to the next generation. It may be a piece of land, an expensive jewelry or a souvenir that was entrusted to the family members by the ancestors. In the quest for knowledge, the ancestors in the African countries and other countries globally embraced education thus leading to the spread of the literacy all over the world. The ancestors in the colonized states believed that they were dying a dignified death when they died fighting for their countries. This is how countries came to achieve their independence. Whether it is in Asia, Africa, America, Europe or any other continent, people believed and still do in the right to celebrate through dance and music. There is not one single group in the world which did not engage in dance and music especially during celebrations as a way of expressing their joy. Cultures, communities, administr ations, occupations, sharing of knowledge, patriotism, search of prosperity, amongst other concepts were founded by our ancestors. They pursued and passed on from one generation to another, as a way of showing each generation their significance. Neighboring countries in the globe also have a way of showing the values in human dignity and the dignity of life. In Asian countries such as North Korea, China and Japan, a small bow before greeting one another or failing to look once superior directly in the eye is a form of ones respect for another (Kim 75). Countries such as China, Singapore and India are known to value families immensely thus they live in large families. The Maasai of Kenya and other cultures in Africa and Asia still practice their traditional beliefs and wear traditional clothes in appreciation of their culture. The ancestors and the global neighbors have taught us and continue teaching us the dignity of life and human dignity. The traditional songs sang during the soc ials gatherings, the recognition of authority where one acknowledges their superior, doing things with integrity; these are ways the ancestors and our neighbors show the significance of human dignity and the dignity of life. It is agreed that the morality ethical issues are of more concern today than they were a few years back. Children are more rude and disrespectful to their parents today that they were some time in the early twentieth century. Every individual has a right to experience human dignity or dignity of life whether by offering or by receiving. Our ancestors, global neighbors and time have taught us the significance of these two terms. They are what keep people together and protects the human race from itself. If the human race decides to go against the concepts that come along with these two terms, they will drive themselves into extinction. Works Cited Bonefeld, Werner Kosmas Psychopedis. Human dignity: social autonomy and the critique of capitalism. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2005. Print. Kim, Hyung-Kon. The Idea of Human Dignity in Korea: An Ethico-Religious Approach and Application. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press, 2007. Print. Malpas, Jeff, and Norelle Lickiss. Perspectives on Human Dignity: A Conversation. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, 2007. Print. Ugwuanyi, Chikere. â€Å"Book Reviews: Towards a Fuller Human Identity: a Phenomenology of Family Life, Social Harmony, and the Recovery of the Black Self. by Pius Ojara.† The Heythrop Journal. 49.3 (2008): 527-532. Print. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Dignity and the Dignity of Life Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Human Dignity and the Dignity of Life Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Human Dignity and the Dignity of Life Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Essay on MNCs and Ethics

Essay on MNCs and Ethics Essay on MNCs and Ethics Third Party Contractors and MNCs Multinational companies have to uphold an image and it’s not as easy to get away with the same practices as there has been light shined on these issues. Even if using third party contractors helps them in legal cases of human rights in court, it still looks bad on a company when they use these contractors. Looking at Foxconn, Apple has been under a lot of scrutiny for using them. The conditions in their facilities are known to be overcrowded, unsafe and they have also been caught using under age workers. These MNCs have a social responsibility and just because they can win a court case, it doesn’t mean they will win the trust of their consumers and help them in their main goal to maximize profits. U.S. multinational corporations have sent millions of jobs overseas since the early 2000’s. The corporations have a lot of interest in protecting their investments in foreign labor and third party contractors provide that labor. The iss ue is the difference in labor laws. The U.S. is extremely different from how a country like China’s labor laws work, therefore we have a lot more concerns with how these companies treat their employees. Protected lawfully or not, it’s not ethical. Moral Conduct Statements a Part of Advertising? Social responsibility has become a large part of multinational companies advertising. In my opinion, companies use their social actions and ethical conduct as a way to boost buying confidence with their consumers. After the oil spill in the gulf, BP launched a social responsibility initiative to boost their brand reputation. Since the beginning of the oil spill in April of 2010 and the end of August, BP spent three times the amount on advertising than it did from April to July in 2009. This shows that BP felt it was important to spend over 93 million dollars on advertising to promote their brand image in the wake of a crisis. Although this isn’t an attempt to describe the treatment of their workers, it shows the importance of advertising a company’s brand image. I find that any company that uses social conduct statements to be advertising as they are trying to protect their profits. In my experience, I base my purchasing decisions on how much I want the item and if there is a company that provides a substitute that supports better moral and social conduct, I will buy it instead. I do buy Apple products knowing that the conditions at Foxconn are less than satisfactory as most of my friends and acquaintances do the same. I feel like some companies know consumers will buy their product because of how desirable it is, regardless of their social responsibility. This may show that some of the social responsibility is on us as consumers. It is only fair that we be made aware of where our products are manufactured and by whom they are made by. I personally

A genetically modified organism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

A genetically modified organism - Research Paper Example Thus, in this paper I am going to examine the process of GMO production and storage in order to assess the risks connected with their consumption. Genetically modified organisms are organisms (bacteria, viruses, plants, animals) which genetics was changed in order for acquiring new functions. As genes are responsible for carrying the information in the sequences and structures of DNA, they define special characteristics of the organisms. Advances of biotechnology now permit to extract, change, and add various genes to the organisms. It is even possible to transfer genes between non-related organisms. Most often scientists add some genes to plants in order to make them stable to certain viruses (GMOs, 2010). Genetically modified organisms are used in medicine, agriculture, biology, textile production. Usually when people start speaking about genetically modified organisms they mean genetically modified crops which have become a part of everyday life of the consumers in the world. Tobacco was the first plant which received additional genes to resist herbicides. Later it was modified to be capable to resist insects and the ripening qualities of the crops were also changed. In 1995 Food and Drug Administration approved commercial usage of GM potato, corn, soya, and tomato, and the variety of plants with additional genes increase significantly (Swanson, 2013). People usually underestimate the quantity of GM crops that they consume. However, by the end of 2012 more than 144 kinds of plants received access to the market in the United States of America. So an impressive part of the crops consumed by Americans in the following years were genetically modified: according to the statistics of USDA 93% of all soy, 88 % of all corn, and 94% of cotton (Swanson, 2013). Today such products as tomatoes and cantaloupes with advanced ripening characteristics, beets and soybeans with improved herbicides

English Paper on Sunday Morning and Swan and Shadow Essay

English Paper on Sunday Morning and Swan and Shadow - Essay Example The drifting of swam through water gives a pleasant feel to the readers as it takes a person to a place of peace where there is no complexity or fear. The way the writer of the poem has structured this poem reflects his creative skills and thoughts. The poem was written in the early 20th century and it shows that the poets of that time had a good sense of innovation and creativity. An interesting point in the poem is that the reflection of swam has not been shown as the reflection of the poem in the water. Had the writer done that, it would have produced a relatively ordinary feeling to the readers. The writer has continued the poem in the reflection instead of showing the reflection of text of the upper part of the poem. As far as the wording of the poem is concerned, there is not a smooth flow between them. At some points, the words do not seem to be joining with the next coming word but when a reader extracts the meaning of the whole sentence, the construction of words becomes logical. One cannot say that understanding the poem is easy because of the structure of sentences. A reader has to read the poem several times in order to get out of the Hollander’s frustrated and puzzled use of words and sentence construction. The structure of the poem makes it a bit difficult to read in a flow because the poem flows from the head of the swan to the neck and then shifts to the body part, which makes the reading somewhat difficult. A reader can question himself/herself whether he/she is reading the poem in a correct flow or there is some other way to read the poem correctly. Lack of periods and commas also make the reading of the poem more difficult than it actually appears to be. Continuously passing out memories and inadequacy of the memory to store the scenes form the theme of the poem. The writer might have tried to demonstrate that the world is not as simple as it appears to be. One has to go through various experiences of life to

Limitations in Person Centered Therapy

Limitations in Person Centered Therapy Group counseling Baldev Singh The person-centered counselor must always remember that the client is a guest  within his or her own world of experiences. This first sentence encapsulates  the essence of person centered counseling. The person centered therapy can be used in individual and also in group counseling.The therapy gives strength to client or groups to understand themselves and also gives them the opportunity to solve their own problems and see changes for themselves being valuable and worthy humans. Rogers, C.R. (1959) The aim behind all person centered therapy is that under certain conditions the clients will be helped to find and to exercise more of his or her own personal power with regard to understanding and evaluating his actions in the past and present and in  making decisions for the future. Furthermore, it is expected that this gain  will help client to be more confident to more forward to be exercised by the client in his  future life. If these conditions for his worth are particularly oppressive, inconsistent or ambiguous the roots will be laid for difficulty in adulthood as the clients attempt valiantly but in vain to live up to the conditions. Sometimes the difficulty which the person experiences in adulthood is only indirectly related to the conditions of worth but more to do with the way the young person adjusted his or her living to exist within the constraints of the conditions.The therapy techniques is to focus on client advancement towards self independence and overcoming a ny new presenting issues.These two factors: the conditions of worth and the ways in which the person has adjusted to the conditions of worth are the main ways in which ‘maladjustment’ is understood within the person-centered approach. Bohart, A. (1990) The way a person-centered counselor works will varied considerably according to the extent to which the client’s locus of evaluation is externalised or internalized.The aim of person-centered working is to help the clients to internalise his or her locus of evaluation. Helping another person to internalise his or her locus of evaluation is not achieved by exercising power over them but by creating a relationship in which the clients may take  responsibility for themself. Carl Rogers, the founder of the approach, was in enunciating and evaluating the relationship conditions in which that client empowerment might be optimised. For constructive personality change to occur, it is necessary that these conditions exist and continue over a period of time in which is, the two persons are in psychological contact’ (Rogers,CR 1957: 96).During the session the counselor will identified whether the clients is in a state of incongruence, being vulnerable or anxious. Immediately the counselor should established concrete in congruent or integrated in the relationship building.During the counseling the therapist will experience unconditional  positive regard for the client and showing empathic understanding to the client’s actual root cause that have been the underlaying cause experience to the client’s achievement and unhappiness.The counselor’s empathic understanding and unconditional positive regard is important to build trust and that counselor is actually listening and concern about their problems solving..Currently the most accessible account of these conditions is presented in Kirschenbaum and Henderson (1989: 221) Benefits of the group counseling. In the group therapy the members are expose and learning how one is perceived by others members problem.When in the session the client can experience a sense of belonging and acceptance with others in the group.The members can discovered that he is not the only finding solution to solve his problem but others members are also experiencing difficulties and are searching solution on how to resolve their issues too. Members can get some ideas from others when listening to their suggestion and this can enhance the client’s ability to resolve their problem and the root cause of their life difficulties.In group therapy members can express their ideas and rendered assistance to others members in the group therapy session.The group therapy session gives and built members positive encouragement when seeing the positive successes of others.Group therapy is cost effective for those having financial issue. Bohart, A. (1990) Benefits of the individual counseling. Individual counseling is beneficial for clients having disorders and also for those having serious rough time in their life journey.The counseling session is personalized and the environment is comfortable.The individual can focus on their difficulties and feel secure to exposed their problems to the therapist.In this situation their information are kept confidential by the therapist and they are governed by code of ethics.Even though in individual therapy the cost is more but it is worthy because client can take their time to reveal their difficulties and built up rapport,gain support with counselor working together.The individual acvtively participate and brainstorming with counselor to detect any blindspot to their problem.The environment is quiet and plenty of room to concentrate and the freedom for the client to express their feeling and ideas. In individual counseling the counselor can actively listen, understand and the counselor can list out some recommendations strategies to solve client problems. Bohart, A. (1990) Compare, contrast and reasoning In group counseling sessions the clients will sometime cover up their actual emotion. They will feel frightened and may also feel uncomfortable with the surroundings of others group members. Some client do not feel secure about talking their deep secret with others and rather not telling the truth about their problems. The group therapy is not suitable some individual who are very sensitive about their personal life issues. If this is the problems and the counselor will have a difficult time in resolving their problem.In group therapy the clients do not get one to one attention, there is no privacy and your problems is known to everybody in the group to talk about unlike in individual therapy  client privacy is protected. Coffeng, T. (1996) In individual counseling session you are seated in a comfortable environment with your counselor and there is no one else to listen to their private life problems. The individual will feel secure about talking their deep secret issues in their life and their information is protected by counselor and governed by code of ethics. In individual counseling sessions the counselor will have more time to concentrate with a client rather then in the group session. In individual counseling ,the counselor can have more time to interract and working together with the client. It also gives the client enough time to concentrate rather then in the group therapy with a lot of distortion and the concentration will not be there for some individuals.In individual counseling session the concentration will be better some client who wants privacy on how to resolve their distorted big picture and also solution on how the client can overcome to resolve their problems. Coffeng, T. (1996) Criticisms The limitations in person centered therapy is the based on therapist values and attitues and not skills. Next is the limitated understanding on client’s nonverbal indications and the therapy emphasize too much on the therapist being empathy, understanding and helping the client reflect themselves. The person centered therapy is a historical approach and not all clients actually knows what to achieve. The other limitations are the misunderstanding on the basic concepts and practical applications .The other limitations are some clients are not motivated just by caring and listening for any reform to begin with. (Bozarth, J. and Temaner Brodley, B. 1986) The group therapy. There are limitations on group therapy. They are not suitable if client is suffering from severe depression, mental illness and suicidal risk.Clients with these condition may not benefit from group counseling session. The group therapy members tend to be noisy, talkativeness and irritability which often becomes too difficult for the therapist to control the situation.There some limitations on the selection for the client suitability before they are allow for group therapy session. The others limitation are the clients problem must be mainly in the same relationship with other people and if not they are to find another group therapy offering the same problem and this is really time consuming and also not suitable with clients who needs urgent counseling for their problem solving. Bozarth, J. (1984) The individual therapy There are limitation on individual therapy.The individual therapy may also unable to help any client who are involve in court cases and infact they should consult a lawyer instead.The individual therapy is suitable for clients depends upon certain situation and needs.The limitation is caused by client personal fear,individual differences,problematic behaviours,anxiety or emotional disturbance and the counselor may refer clients to psycharist for consultation and treatment.Not all client is suitable for individual therapy and the counselor needs to be alert and observance to check on clients limitation for the therapy. Bozarth, J. (1984) To my conclusion the counselor play a important role model in providing the best and must be commited and the ability to remain authentic and truthful with what is really practical to daily human development. Boy, A.V. (1989)

Heroism Redifined: Lord of the Rings

Heroism redefined Lord of the Rings J. R. R. Tolkien Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings trilogy, offers the reader a truly compelling picture of the world of Middle-earth. The author, in great detail, depicts a complex reality which abounds in a whole variety of creatures, cultures, languages and histories. If we take a closer look on Tolkien’s masterpiece we will easily notice a complexity of themes, motifs, symbols which add to the semantic richness of the text. It is necessary to mention that Tolkien was considerably influenced by the literary tradition.Fascinated by literary genres such as a heroic epic, a chivalric romance or a fairy tale Tolkien skillfully weaved many characteristic conventions of these genres in Lord of the Rings. Among many other features drawn from the literary tradition the theme of heroism occupies a prominent position in Tolkien’s trilogy. On the one hand Tolkien follows a well known model of a courageous epic hero, but on the other hand he operates with the theme in an innovative way.Apart from a careful depiction of a well known image of noble heroism typical of great figures of historical significance such as Aragorn, the novel surprisingly offers a completely new image of heroism which is represented by small hobbits. Providing at the same time two parallel faces of the concept, Tolkien significantly changes and challenges the traditional meaning of heroism and, as a consequence, significantly enriches the literary tradition. A significant part of the trilogy is devoted to the deeds of great Men such as Aragorn.Drawing extensively on the tradition of heroic epic and chivalric romance Tolkien presents a powerful image of a knightly hero full of noble virtues. Aragorn is a â€Å"born hero† – a true heir to the throne of Gondor, â€Å"born to achieve great deeds in his time† (Zimmer Bradley 83). He is a courageous man of action, endowed with physical strength, who combats evil, brings order and re stores peace. Respected and admired by other characters, Aragorn is a hero of indomitable spirit who never commits mistakes and always serves as an epitome of bravery and virtue.Although Aragorn is one of the most prominent characters in the trilogy, the most important mission, to destroy the malevolent Ring, falls upon a completely different figure. The future of the whole Middle-earth does not depend on noble Elves or brave Men or even strong Dwarves but lies in the hands of the seemingly weak and insignificant hobbits (Gulisano 131). Tolkien’s surprising choice falls upon small and rather funny creatures which, in fact, do not really have any particular achievements. Though small and weak, it is Frodo and his faithful servant Sam who are burdened with an extremely difficult task.Contrary to all expectations Frodo is chosen to carry the ring: â€Å"You may be nobody in particular in yourself, yet for some inexplicable reasons, through no choice of your own, the Ring has co me into your keeping, so that it is on you and not on Gandalf or Aragorn that the task falls of destroying it† (LotR, I, 284) At first the small hobbit is full of doubts. He is neither a great wizard like Gandalf to plan the strategy of war against Sauron, nor Aragorn, an outstanding warrior who is destined to be the leader of the army of Gondor. Yet, the Ring has clearly chosen the hobbit.Unlike other significant figures of the trilogy Frodo has â€Å"heroism thrust upon him† (Zimmer Bradley 84). In contrast with Aragorn, Frodo is not born to gain glory, yet through experience and ability to endure hardships he finally rises to heroism. Though hesitantly, Frodo humbly accepts the task: â€Å"’I will take the Ring,’ he said, ‘though I do not know the way. †(LotR, I, 284) Even though Frodo would rather â€Å"stay at home than risk my life on the very slight chance of winning glory† (LotR, I, 284) eventually he resigns from his own comfor t and safety and full of hope takes up a dangerous journey to save the world of Middle-earth.During the journey he often trembles, regrets his lot and wonders why he was burdened with such an enormous load, still he manages to remain faithful to the mission till the very end. Deciding to carry the Ring Frodo starts to follow a path full of sacrifices and pain. As the Ring bearer he is forced to put up a constant resistance to his own ambitions and desire for power (Bramlett 70). Frodo undeniably becomes a hero of the story. Though he actually fails at the very last moment of his mission – he yields to the temptation and wants to posses the Ring for his own- the quest is still completed and Frodo returns covered in glory.However, as Frodo rather reluctantly accepts the heavy burden of the unusual quest there is another character who follows the same path on his own free will and without complain. Sam, Frodo’s devoted servant, becomes an unrecognized hero of the story, w ho bravely accompanies and supports Frodo till the very last stage of their journey. He is the one who cares even less for glory and heroic deeds. His only wish is to protect his master and follow Frodo even if it means death. (Zimmer Bradley 84) Throughout the story Sam undergoes perhaps the most significant development.He starts out as a minor character. Even Sam describes himself as a â€Å"luggage in a boat†. He is a rather comic and childish character hardly adequate for such a grand enterprise (Purtill 89). Although at first he displays a sort of a limited perception, which is not unusual for a hobbit – he can be very practical at times – â€Å"his mind was slow but shrewd† (LotR, II, 625). In the course of the novel Sam gradually takes more and more responsibility and acquires such importance that without him the quest would be unfulfilled.Sam seems to be a typical hobbit servant, yet Tolkien endows him with certain features which differentiate him from the traditional literary servants. This peculiar hobbit is endowed with a sort of curiosity which is quite unique for a hobbit. He is fascinated with Elves and dreams about an opportunity to meet them one day. He is much more open to the new ideas and experiences than a typical hobbit (Purtill 90-91). What is more, Sam is also aware of his own limitations. He usually depends on the opinion of others, as he is not able to decide on grand matters: â€Å" I hope that the master will think it out carefully.He’s as wise as any, but he’s soft-hearted, that’s what he is. It’s beyond any Gamgee to guess what he’ll do next† (LotR, II, 625). Moreover, Sam is also endowed with a significantly greater independence than a typical servant (Purtill 90-91). When Frodo decides to abandon Shire alone, without any support of his friends, Sam reveals Frodo’s plan to Pippin and Merry in order to protect his master. On another occasion he disobeys Ar agorn and secretly follows Frodo on the further journey without informing the rest of the fellowship. When his master comes at stakeSam is able to do absolutely anything. Above all else, Sam characterizes an enormous devotion, selflessness and love for Frodo. His care for his master is truly incomparable: â€Å"It is hardly possible to separate you form him [Frodo], even when he is summoned to a secret council and you are not† (LotR, I, 284). Throughout the story signs of Sam’s love for Frodo can be frequently encountered: â€Å"Sam came in. He ran to Frodo and took his left hand, awkwardly and shyly. He stroked it gently and then he blushed and turned hastily away. † (LotR, I, 237) His love for Frodo is immense.He is totally selfless and ready for sacrifices for his master. His devotion is best portrayed in the last stage of the quest, when the fellowship is broken and the two hobbits continue their dark journey to Mordor all by themselves. As Frodo, due to the malevolent power of the Ring, gradually becomes both physically and mentally weaker, Sam becomes an actual guide and protector. He deals with the practical aspects of the journey and combats various obstacles throughout the way. Gradually Sam becomes less comic and much more doughty.Along with their approaching the gates of Mordor Sam is significantly gaining importance and becoming a truly mature character. When the two hobbits are just one step form completing their mission of destroying the Ring everything is almost ruined due to Gollum’s betrayal. Sam and Frodo are attacked by a giant spider Shelob. Frodo is wounded in the combat and Sam is convinced that his beloved master is dead. Though terrified and totally miserable he does not turn back. He feels an obligation to continue the quest. As soon as he realizes that his master is still alive he rushes to rescue Frodo.As for the time being he carries the Ring, and just like Frodo and others he is subject to the great temp tation. On this stage of the journey ominous power of the Ring is the most dangerous and the temptation is respectively stronger. The Ring plants in Sam visions of himself as a great warrior: Samwise the Strong. Hero of the Age, striding with flaming sword across the darkened land, and armies flocking to his call as he marched to overthrow of Barad-dur. And then all the clouds rolled away and the white sun shone, and at his command the vale of Gorgoroth became a garden of tress and brought forth fruit.He had only to put on the Ring and claim it for his own and all this could be. In that hour of trial it was the love of his master that helped most to hold him firm; but also deep down in him lived still unconquered plain hobbit-sense: he knew in the core of his heart he was not large enough to bear such a burden, even if such visions were not a mere cheat to betray him. The one small garden of a free gardener was all his need and due, not a garden swollen to a realm; his own lands to use, not the lands of others to command. And anyway, all those notions are only a trick,† he said to himself. (LotR, III, 880-881) Sam is saved by his great love for his master and his extraordinary common sense combined with modesty and humility. Deep down he realizes that the vision of himself as a great warrior is ridiculous. The illusion, in fact, does not even constitute a dream that he aspires to. Sam is aware that he is not meant to be a grand hero. He knows perfectly well that his true vocation is to be a humble servant and this is exactly what makes him happy.The great trial Sam is subject to requires from the little hobbit a great deal of common wisdom and strength. Sam who at first seems to be a rather weak and at times an irritating character demonstrates strength which can be compared to the one of Galadriel or Gandalf. He is not only able to resist the temptation, but also to return the Ring to Frodo without hesitation. Sam displays enormous grandeur. At this poi nt he presents more heroism than for instance one of Tolkien’s classic heroes Bromir for whom temptation turned out too great to resist.As one of the critics rightly suggests: â€Å"He [Sam] exhibits concrete wisdom rather than abstract reasoning, finds relationship more important than objects, is supportive, nurturing, and self-sacrificing. † (Purtill 95) Tolkien seems to suggest that these are the features that account for true heroism. Thanks to Sam the quest can be completed. He supports Frodo emotionally till the very end and even literally carries him to the Mount Doom when the latter is physically unable to reach the destination.At the last stage of their journey Frodo is so debilitated by the power of the Ring that he is practically unable to think clearly. All his powers are focused on resisting the temptation of putting the Ring on the finger. Form now on the success of the mission depends on Sam. At this point, the development of Sam is clearly visible. He r ealizes that the mission has to be completed, that they must do everything in their power to end the task. He knows that they have reached a point from which there is no return.Though, he is convinced that there is no hope for them and they are doomed to death, he still manages to follow once entrusted mission. Sam becomes an undeniable hero of the story. Though he does not acquire a sort of glory that Pippin and Merry achieve on a battlefield, still he does acquire the necessary virtue and wisdom to eventually become the leader and the ruler of the hobbits – the Mayor of the Shire. Lord of the Rings, among many other beautiful and complex images, provides one of the most extraordinary and memorable depictions of heroism.Greatly influenced by the literary tradition, Tolkien both follows and modifies the concept of heroism and consequently provides the reader with two faces of this traditional notion. Tolkien emphasizes a number of features characteristic for a heroic epic and a chivalric romance. Features such as courage, fortitude, nobleness and honour can be found in several prominent figures in the novel. One of the most distinct examples, personifying all these virtues, is to be found in Aragorn. He is a classic hero, descendant of the line of kings, great warrior, the one who restores peace and brings back justice.Aragorn is the rightful heir to the throne who bravely struggles with the forces of evil and at the end triumphantly comes back to his kingdom and marries Arwena – Elf princess. Aragorn embodies all features typical of a truly heroic character in the traditional sense of the concept. However, the author does not only provide the reader with a well known model of heroism based on strength and courage. The novel presents a new surprising aspect of this concept and at the same time establishes a modern, innovative definition of the notion.In the course of the novel the reader is exposed to a very peculiar juxtaposition of characters. Next to such heroic figures as Aragorn Tolkien places queer, little, funny hobbits. It is Frodo and his devoted servant Sam who become true heroes of the story. If it had not been for their simplicity, ordinariness, lack of violence and ability to self-sacrifice the whole Middle-earth would be seized by the forces of evil. Frodo and Sam represent ordinary, insignificant figures who through their selflessness, loyalty and love for friends are brought to the heroic glory.Realization of their own limitations, common sense and modesty prevents them form mistakes that other characters are prone to commit. Hobbits represent the kind of courage exhibited by an ordinary person, who rises to heroism in the face of challenge (Purtill 77). Their courage is moral as well as physical. On their quest they have to face both mental torments, such as resisting the power of the ring and fear of enemies, and physical hardships, like lack of food and water, exhaustion due to the strenuous journey and w ounds they receive during combats.Tolkien presents the reader a new definition of heroism which is based on love and humility and can be achieved not exclusively by the chosen, great figures but by everybody. Heroism that Tolkien offers in Lord of the Rings is within everybody’s reach, no matter how small and weak and ordinary they would be (Gulisano 132). Juxtaposing the two kinds of heroism Tolkien stresses the fact that both can harmoniously coexist and are complementary: â€Å"without the high and noble the simple and vulgar is utterly mean; and without the simple and ordinary the noble and heroic is meaningless† (Tolkien in: Purtill 60).

Space meets knowledge The impact of workplace design On knowledge sharing ?

Abstract An examination of the role the physical workplace plays in creating opportunities and barriers that influence knowledge management has become a matter of substantial debate. Design of good workplaces for knowledge sharing is considered a major challenge for any organisation. This study provides an insight into the impact of the design and use of the physical workplace on knowledge sharing. Evidence presented in this study substantiates the position that the physical presence of an employee has the potential to impact performance and knowledge management. This assessment will be of use to researchers seeking to further examine the area of knowledge management. Introduction Knowledge management, described as the intentional management of information has become increasingly important to organisations (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995; Alavi, 1997; Garvin, 1997; Wiig, 1997; Davenport and Prusak, 1998; Ruggles, 1998; Hansen, 1999; Zack, 1999a). In large part this has been fuelled by the exponential growth of the knowledge economy and the increasing number of knowledge workers who have become as essential for many firms competitiveness and survival (Tallman and Chacar 2010). For many emerging organisations face to face contact is essential in the dissemination of knowledge within that infrastructure (Ibid). The process of internal knowledge management is a dynamic element that must be maintained in order to produce results. Literature Review Knowledge is defined as a dynamic human or social process that allows a justification of personal belief as regards the truth (Nonaka 2011). Interaction between people, employees and consumers is one of the primary methods of communicating innovative and inspirational progress. Modern studies in the field of knowledge management have begun to shift focus from the importance of the physical workplace to those engaged in knowledge work (Becker 2004). The recognition of inherent value in the employee base adds incentive to capitalize on the low cost innovative opportunities that knowledge sharing creates (Tallman et al 2010). With critical insight established through the direct contact of the employees, the means of communication becomes a critical concern (Dakir 2012). International companies are recognizing this same value of face to face interaction as the social interaction between management sections, benefits production and development levels world-wide (Noorderhaven and Harzing 2009). In their discussion of social capital, Cohen and Prusak (2001) emphasise the importance of the physical workplace for the exchanging of knowledge, specifically the distribution of ideas amongst individuals in a situation where they could not assume that others knew what they were required to know. Becker (2004) hypothesises that the choices an organisation makes about how space is allocated and designed directly and indirectly shapes the infrastructure of knowledge networks – the dense and richly veined social systems that help people learn faster and engage more deeply in the work of the organisation. This corresponds with the Dakir (2012) argument that technology is no substitute for live interaction among the members of the organization. Davenport et al (2002) undertook a study among 41 firms that were implementing initiatives to advance the performance of high-end knowledge workers who were regarded as critical to the company’s aims. They focused upon determining th e elements that affected the knowledge work performance. Surprisingly, the issue that was most frequently dealt with by these firms involved the physical workplace – â€Å"the other common ones were information technology and management† (Davenport 2005, p. 166). Davenport (2005) emphasises that the recognition of the importance of knowledge work has grown in recent years, but that our understanding of the physical conditions in which knowledge can flourish has failed to keep pace. The inclusion of emerging communication technology has been argued to provide a better opportunity for employee interaction (Rhoads 2010). This same element of improved long distance communication is credited with diminishing the valued impromptu inspiration that many firms rely on during day to day operations (Denstadli, Gripsrud, Hjortahol and Julsrud 2013). According to Davenport et al (2002) workplace design should be seen as a key determinant of knowledge-worker performance, while we largely remain in the dark about how to align ‘space’ to the demands of knowledge work. Davenport (2005) emphasises the point that â€Å"there is a good deal said about the topic, but not much known about it† (p. 165). Most of the decisions concerning the clima te in which work takes place have been created without consideration for performance factors. This fact continues to diminish opportunities for in-house knowledge sharing and effective dissemination of intelligence (Denstadli et al 2013). Becker (2004) points out that the cultivation of knowledge networks underpins the continuing debate about office design, and the relative virtue of open versus closed space. Duffy (2000) confirms these views when he admits that early twenty-first-century architects â€Å"currently know as little about how workplaces shapes business performance as early nineteenth-century physicians knew how diseases were transmitted before the science of epidemiology was established† (p. 371). This makes every emerging decision regarding effective knowledge sharing critical to the development of any organisation. Deprez and Tissen (2009) illustrate the strength of the knowledge sharing process using Google’s approach: â€Å"one company that is fully aware of its ‘spatial’ capabilities†. The spatial arrangements at Google’s offices can serve as a useful example of how design can have a bearing on improving the exchange of knowledge in ways that also add value to the company. The Zurich ‘Google engineering’ office is the company’s newest and largest research and development facility besides Mountain View, California. In this facility, Deprez and Tissen (2009) report: â€Å"Google has created workspaces where people literally ‘slide into space’ (i.e. the restaurant). It’s really true: Google Is different. It’s in the design; it’s in the air and in the spirit of the ‘place’. It’s almost organizing without management. A workplace becomes a ‘workspace’, mobilizing the collectiv e Google minds and link them to their fellow ‘Zooglers’ inside the Zurich office and to access all the outside/external knowledge to be captured by the All Mighty Google organisation† (2009, p. 37). What works for one organisation may not work for another and this appears to be the case in particular when it comes to Google (Deprez et al 2009). Yet, some valuable lessons in how the workplace can be used to good effect can be gained from Google’s operations. For this precise reason, research was carried out at Google Zurich to provide both theoretical and managerial insights into the impact of the design and use of the physical workplace on knowledge sharing (Ibid). Studies comparing the performance of virtual and co-located teams found that virtual teams tend to be more task oriented and exchange less social information than co located ones (Walther & Burgoon 1992; Chidambaram 1996). The researchers suggest this would slow the development of relationships and strong relational links have been shown to enhance creativity and motivation. Other studies conclude that face-to-face team meetings are usually more effective and satisfying than virtual ones, but nevertheless virtual teams can be as effective if given sufficient time to develop strong group relationships (Chidambaram 1996). This research implies the importance of facilitating social interaction in the workplace, and between team members (virtual and co-located) when the team is initially forming. Hua (2010) proposes that repeated encounters, even without conversation, help to promote the awareness of co-workers and to foster office relationships. McGrath (1990) recommends that in the abs ence of the ability to have an initial face-to-face meeting other avenues for building strong relationships are advised to ensure the cohesiveness and effectiveness of the team’s interaction. So although interaction alone is not a sufficient condition for successful collaboration, it does indirectly support collaboration. Nova (2005) points out that physical proximity allow the use of non verbal communication including: different paralinguistic and non-verbal signs, precise timing of cues, coordination of turn-taking or the repair of misunderstandings. Psychologists note that deictic references are used in face-to-face meetings on a regular basis, which refers to pointing, looking, touching or gesturing to indicate a nearby object mentioned in conversation (Ibid). Newlands et al (2002) analysed interactions of two groups performing a joint task in either face-to-face or a video conference system. They found that deictic hand gesture occurred five times more frequently in the face-to-face condition the virtual interaction. More recent research has found that extroverts gesticulate for longer and more often in meetings than introverts (Jonnson 2006). Barbour and Koneya (1976) famously claimed that 55 per cent of communication is non-verbal communication, 38 per cent is done by tone of voice, and only 7 per cent is related to the words and content. Clearly non-verbal communication is a key component of interaction and virtual interaction systems need to replicate this basic need, especially in the early stages of team forming or when the team consists of a high proportion of extroverts. The physical co-location of teams also facilitates collaboration (Ibid). A seminal piece of research carried out by Allen (1977) demonstrated that the probability of two people communicating in an organisation is inversely proportional to the distance separating them, and it is close to zero after 30 metres of physical separation. Furthermore, proximity helps maintain task and group awareness, because when co-located it is easier to gather and update information about the task performed by team members (Dakir 2012). A recent survey of workers at highly collaborative companies found that most â€Å"collaborative events† are short (with 34% lasting fewer than 15 minutes) and the majority take place at the desk (Green 2012). It is likely that these impromptu interactions relate to sharing information (perhaps on the PC) or answering queries rather than lengthy intense discussion and development of joint ideas. Interactions at desks may facilitate tacit knowledge sharing by overhearing relevant conversations between team members, but such interactions can also be considered a distraction if not relevant (Denstadli et al 2013). Methodology There are two acknowledged methodological approaches: quantitative and qualitative (Creswell 2005). The quantitative method involves identifying variables in a research question which are then utilized in order to collate numerical data (Ibid). The qualitative research is open to interpretation allowing personal answers to be incorporated into the study (Creswell 2005). The researcher considered both options in order to complete the necessary goals.Types of DataThere are two forms of data: primary, or newly generated data, or secondary, previous data generated within existing studies (Creswell 2005). This study required the acquisition of primary data creating the need for relevant instruments. A survey with 5 open-ended questions has been created and subsequently conducted with centred on 548 employees working at Google Zurich. This was done in order to explore the perceptions of Google employees with regard to the environment in which they work with a focus on factors that affect knowledge sharing in the work environment.Methods of Data CollectionThe qualitative data analysis employed a Content Analysis technique to reveal participant perceptions of their work environment. The survey questions were designed to explore employee perceptions regarding the following dimensions: 1) Activities that allow for increased exchange of knowledge; 2) Advantages of frequent interaction with colleagues; 3) Individuals or groups dependent on the frequent interaction with co-workers orgroup members; 4) Factors that facilitate interaction within the workplace 5) Factors that inhibit interaction with others in the workplace. Survey participants responded to five open-ended questions and rated their answers using a five-point Likert scale where 5 was ‘most important’. Using a Content Analysis approach (Creswell 2005; Leedy and Ormrod 2005; Neuendorf 2002), the interview responses were analysed. Content Analysis is a qualitative data reduction method that generates categories from key words and phrases in the interview text; it is an evidence-based process in which data gathered through an exploratory approach is systematically analysed to produce predictive or inferential intent (Creswell 2005). Content Analysis was used to identify themes or common concepts in participants’ perceptions regarding the culturally and environmentally distinctive factors that affect interaction in the workplace (Neuendorf, 2002). This process permitted the investigator to quantify and analyse data so that inferences could be drawn. The Content Analysis of survey interview text was categorically coded to reflect various levels of analysis, including key components, words, sentences, or themes (Neuendorf 2002). These themes or key components were then examined using relational analysis to determine whether there were any relationships between the responses of the subjects. The analysis was conducted with Nvivo8 ® software which enables sorting, categorising, and frequency counts of invariant constituents (relevant responses). Content Analysis was used to critically evaluate the survey responses of the study participants, providing in-depth information regarding the factors related to workplace interaction. Sample Respondent Characteristics The invited population consisted of 675 individuals and a total of 548 individuals participated in the survey resulting in a response rate of 81 per cent. Of these 548 completed surveys, 35 responses were discarded because the respondents only partially completed the survey. The final sample consisted of 513 respondents. The key characteristics of these respondents are summarized in Table 4-1.Table 4-1 Sample Respondent Characteristics FactorDescriptionFrequency EducationHigh School Bachelor Degree Certificate Degree Master Degree PhD Degree Other:15 118 19 231 121 9 Tenure< 2 years 2-5 years > 5 years153 331 29 Time Building Use< 1 year 1 year 2 years > 2 years140 102 271 0 Time Desk Use< 3 months 3-6 months 7-12 months > 12 months143 159 126 85 Age< 20 years 21-30 years 31-40 years 41-50 years > 50 years0 216 255 35 7 GenderMale Female428 85 MobiltyZurich Office Other Google Office Home Office Travelling Other88.9% 3.9% 3.9% 2.7% 0.5% PositionEngineering Sales and Marketing GandA Other:428 12 14 59 NationalityGermany Switzerland United States France Poland United Kingdom Romania Hungary Netherlands Sweden Spain Australia Russian Federation < 10 respondents73 62 35 33 28 27 24 23 17 16 14 13 12 136 Survey Findings In order to provide an audit trail of participant responses to the thematic categories that emerged from the data analysis, discussion of the findings precedes the tables of data, within a framework consisting of the five survey questions. An overall summary is provided at the conclusion of the discussion of findings. During the analysis of data, common invariant constituents (relevant responses) were categorically coded and associated frequencies were documented. Frequency data included overall frequency of occurrence as well as frequencies based on rating level (5 = most important to 1 = least important). Invariant constituents with a frequency of less than 10 were not included in the tables. Study conclusions were developed through an examination of the high frequency and highly rated invariant constituents in conjunction with the revealed thematic categories.Question 1: Main Activities that Allow Exchange of KnowledgeTable 4-2 provides high frequency invariant constituents (relev ant responses) by survey participants demonstrating themes within the data for Question 1. Thematically, the analysis revealed the following primary perceptions of participants in terms of main activities that allow knowledge exchange: (a) meetings of all types; (b) whiteboard area discussions; (c) video conferencing; (d) email, and (e) code reviews. These elements demonstrated a high frequency of importance ratings, and a moderate percentage of respondents rated these elements as ‘most important’ (rating 5). Other themes revealed through the analysis included the importance of writing and reading documentation, Instant Messaging (IM) text chat, Internet Relay Chat (IRC), and extracurricular/social activities. All other invariant constituents with a frequency of greater than 10 are shown in Table 4-2.Table 4-2 Data Analysis Results for Question 1: Main Activities Allowing for Exchange of Knowledge Invariant ConstituentOverall number (Frequency)By Rating 5=Most important n=51354321 Informal discussion/face to face mtgs/stand ups35114977603332 Formal planned meetings/conference room mtgs2184061563823 Email207747432216 Lunches/Dinners64910151812 Whiteboard area discussions/brainstorming5822131094 Video Conferencing (VC)5841620144 Code Reviews515162046 Writing/Reading Documentation476813164 IM/Text Chat/IRC4610161073 â€Å"Extracurricular Activities† (e.g., pool, socializing, Friday office drinks, etc.)4522151016 Writing/Reading docs specifically wiki pages/sites34210697 Chat (unspecified in person vs. text)3387873 Techtalks2745675 Training/presentations23133106 Mailing lists21102522 Shared docs/doc collaboration1703554 Read/write design docs specifically1202505 Telephone/phone conversations1203243Question 2: Main Advantages of Frequent Interaction with ColleaguesTable 4-3 provides high frequency invariant constituents (relevant responses) by survey participants demonstrating themes within the data for Question 2. Thematically, t he analysis revealed the following elements representing the primary perceptions of participants in terms of the main advantages to frequent interaction with colleagues: (a) knowledge and information exchange and transfer; (b) staying current on projects and processes; (c) social interaction; (d) learning from others; (e) faster problem resolution; (f) efficient collaboration; and (g) continuous and early feedback. The following themes received a high frequency of importance ratings and a large percentage of ‘most important’ and ‘important’ ratings (rating 5 and 4, respectively) included: knowledge sharing, staying in touch and up to date, learning from others, faster resolution/problem solving, better collaboration, and feedback. Although socialising was revealed to be a strong overall theme, it also demonstrated lower importance ratings. Other themes revealed through the analysis are provided in Table 4-3.Table 4-3 Data Analysis Results for Question 2: Ma in Advantages of Frequent Interaction Invariant ConstituentOverall number (Frequency)By Rating 5=Most important n=51354321 Knowledge sharing/exchange of information/Knowledge transfer149753919124 Staying in touch/up to date/ more info on projects and processes11358281782 Socializing/social interaction7451035186 Learning/learning from others/learning new things/increased knowledge base7217281485 Understand problems/needs – faster resolution and quicker problem solving7025241146 Better/more efficient collaboration67428953 Feedback/continuous feedback/early feedback661729893 New and better ideas/flow of ideas/creativity/ brainstorming6525151474 Teamwork/being part of a team/teambuilding5110121892 Get work done/efficiency/speed462613241 Fun4421115115 Better understanding of what others are doing and how/workloads4415171002 Everyone on same page/shared vision/focus on goals of team32109652 Better personal contact and easy interaction27561123 Avoid misunderstanding/work duplication27810441 Helping others/getting help (when stuck)26391031 Good/happy atmosphere/work environment2412858 Networki ng2219624 Motivate each other/inspiration2151582 Other/new perspectives/viewpoints18210312 Improving quality of work/performance1615910 Work synchronization1628141 Productivity1231431 Knowing latest news/innovations1203216 Better communication1011521Question 3: Individuals or Groups that are Dependent on Frequent InteractionTable 4-4 provides high frequency invariant constituents (relevant responses) given by survey participants demonstrating themes within the data for Question 3. Thematically, the analysis revealed the following elements representing the primary perceptions of participants in terms of individuals or groups that are dependent on frequent interaction of the participant: (a) my team/project teammates/peers; and (b) managers. The first theme demonstrated a high frequency of importance ratings with a moderate percentage of ‘most important’ and ‘important’ ratings (rating 5 and 4, respectively). Although the theme of managers was revealed to be a relatively strong overall theme, it also demonstrated lower importance ratings. Other themes revealed through the analysis are shown in Table 4-4.Table 4-4 Data Analysis Results for Question 3: Individual/groups dependent on frequent interaction of participant Invariant ConstituentOverall number (Frequency)By Rating 5=Most important n=51354321 My team/project teammates/peers12887191435 Managers/PMs484241163 Users/customers/clients357121042 All reports/related teams34717442 Engineering teams (various)28188200 Recruiting team/staffing1753630 Geo Teams1576200 Operations teams1423522 All of them1191010 HQ1133122 Other engineers using my project/peer developers of my tool1015310Question 4: Factors Facilitating Easy InteractionTable 4-5 provides high frequency invariant constituents (relevant responses) by survey participants demonstrating themes within the data for Question 4. Thematically, the analysis revealed the following elements representing the primary perceptions of participants about factors that facilitate easy interaction: (a) common, proximal, and open workspace areas; (b) common functional areas; (c) sufficient and available meeting facilities; (d) excellent communication tools; and (e) video conference facilities. The theme of open and common workspace areas/shared office space demonstr ated a high frequency of importance ratings with a very large percentage of ‘most important’ ratings (rating 5). Other revealed themes, particularly the second listed theme, demonstrated relatively high overall frequency, but these themes did not demonstrate the strength of importance that the first theme did. Other themes and invariant constituents revealed through the analysis are shown in Table 4-5.Table 4-5 Data Analysis Results for Question 4: Factors Facilitating Easy Interaction Invariant ConstituentOverall number (Frequency)By Rating 5=Most important n=51354321 Open and Common workspace areas/shared office space/desk locations/sitting together175103342594 Common shared Areas (e.g., Kitchen, play/game rooms, lounges, library, etc.)173406642178 Enough facilities for meetings/availability of meeting and conference areas90192730122 Great communication tools (email, VC, chats, dist. Lists, online docs, wireless, VPN, mobile†¦)80113014187 Video Conference meeting rooms/facilities78192518124 Onsite lunch/dinner/common dining area (free food and eating together)5071511134 Whiteboard areas for informal meetings431018771 Corporate culture/open culture/ open communication culture431811932 Email421113954 Casual and social environment/open atmosphere36195921 People: easy going, friendly, smart, knowledgeable, willing to help35149336 Social Events2836577 Company calendar/planned ops for meeting/ scheduled meetings1937621 Geographic co-location/same time zone1374200 Travel/trips to other offices1212135 Chat (non-specific t ext or in person)1124302 IM/internet chat1051112 MOMA/social networking/wiki pages/company docs1010342Question 5: Factors Inhibiting Interaction with OthersTable 4-6 provides high frequency invariant constituents (relevant responses) by survey participants demonstrating themes within the data for Question 5. Thematically, the analysis revealed a single strong element and several elements with less relevance as inhibiting factors. The physical geographic differences – specifically the time zone differences – were noted by a majority of participants as the most important element that inhibited interaction with others. Study participants perceived their overscheduled and busy work lives, noise levels in their workspaces, and shared work environments to be contributing inhibitory factors with regard to interaction with others. These elements also demonstrated high frequencies of importance ratings with a moderate percentage of ‘most important’ ratings (rating 5). Other themes revealed through the analysis are shown in Table 4-6.Table 4-6 Data Analysis Results for Question 5: Factors Inhibiting Interaction with Others Invariant ConstituentOverall number (Frequency)By Rating 5=Most important n=51354321 Physical Geographic distance/ timezone differences16411536931 Very busy/Overscheduled people/ overbooked calendars/ too many meetings4517161020 Crowded/noisy environment/ noise in shared space33196440 Defective VCs/ VC suboptimal/ VC equipment not working2597720 No meeting rooms available2286620 Too few VC rooms in some locations / lack of available VC rooms1949501 Open Space: no privacy, interruptions/ disruptions1958321 Information overload/ too much email1562610 Large office building/building size and layout/ too many people, difficult to find people15114000 Team split between multiple sites or large distance between team members in same bldg1545420 Need more whiteboards/lack of informal areas with whiteboards1135210 Language barrier: lack of correct English/not knowing colloquial lang. or nuances1151311 Lack of time/deadlines1152121 Different working hours within same time zone1053200 Discussion Both the literature and the survey have illuminated interesting facets of the work environment and the need for personal communication. The analysis of the 513 participants’ responses to five open-ended questions from the employee perception survey revealed patterns of facilitating and inhibiting factors in their work environment. Nonaka (2011) clearly illustrates this point with the argument that the communal environment promotes a standard of communication not found in the technological alternatives. Further, the shift away from the organization to the person orientation provides a fundamental benefit to every employee (Becker 2004). With a rising recognition of individual value, the organisation is building employee trust. Participants in this study preferred frequent, informal opportunities for the exchange of knowledge. The opportunity for growth was centred on the capacity to exchange concepts in a free and easy manner (Nonaka 2011). The evidence presented in this study demonstrates that these opportunities were more valued by team members with high knowledge exchange needs. This is line with the increased depth of knowledge and ability to meet technical needs through employee communication (Tallman et al 2010). A combination of professional advice can benefit the entire production and development process. In this study, transactions among participants were often brief, and were perceived to require limited space – often just stand-up space – with noise-regulating options not found in open-office environments. Dakir (2012) demonstrates the environment has the potential to add to or detract from employee communication, making this factor a critical consideration. Spontaneous and opportunistic knowledge-sharing transactions were valued, and technology provided a platform for this type of knowledge exchange to occur. This evidence from the survey corresponds with the literature illustrating that increased communication and sharing in the workplace enhances the entire operation, as well as providing new and fresh opportunities and innovations (Tallman et al 2010). The research at Google provides further support for the view of some leading companies who strongly believe that having workers in the same place is crucial to their success (Noorderhaven et al 2009). Yahoo’s CEO Marissa Mayer communicated via a memo to employees that June 2013, any existing work-from-home arrangements will no longer apply. Initial studies theorized that the work at home system would provide a better platform for workers, even on a local level (Dakir 2012). Many points of the memo cited in this Yahoo example, parallel the literature presented in this study. Her memo stated (Moyer 2013): â€Å"To become the absolute best place to work, communication and collaboration will be important, so we need to be working side-by-side.† This is clearly in line with the Coehen and Prusak (2001) assertion that the physical workplace is a critical element of the dynamic business. â€Å"That is why it is critical that we are all present in our offices. Some of the be st decisions and insights come from hallway and cafeteria discussions, meeting new people, and impromptu team meetings.† This element of the her reasoning is nearly identical to the argument presented by Dakir (2012), that a successful company do so, in part, by promoting communication and teamwork in the office, the technical alternatives are not enough. â€Å"Speed and quality are often sacrificed when we work from home. We need to be one Yahoo!, and that starts with physically being together†¦.Being a Yahoo isn’t just about your day-to-day job, it is about the interactions and experiences that are only possible in our offices† (Moyer 2013). This section is directly in line with emerging studies citing the vital nature of the interaction and face to face employee contact (Heerwagen et al. 2004). This study has clearly demonstrated that Mayer is not alone in her thinking; Steve Jobs operated in a similar fashion as well (Davenport et al 2002). Despite being a denizen of the digital world, or maybe because he knew all too well its isolating potential, Jobs was a strong believer in face-to-face meetings. â€Å"There’s a temptation in our networked age to think that ideas can be developed by email and iChat,† he said. â€Å"That’s crazy. Creativity comes from spontaneous meetings, from random discussions. You run into someone, you ask what they’re doing, you say ‘Wow,’ and soon you’re cooking up all sorts of ideas† (Isaacson, 2011, p. 431). This assertion by Jobs closely resembles the argument presented in the Rhoads (2010) study that found a clear correlation between the communication capacity and opportunity for successful innovation and progress. Following this philosophy led Jobs to have the Pixar building designed to pr omote encounters and unplanned collaborations.Mayer’s former colleague at Google agrees (Ibid). Speaking at an event in Sydney February 2013, Google CFO Patrick Pichette said that teleworking is not encouraged at Google. This reflects the consensus that is emerging that time in the office is not only valuable but necessary to sustained competition in the industry (Denstadli et al 2013). Pichette believes that working from home could isolate employees from other staff. Companies like Apple, Yahoo! and Google are holding on to (or have started embracing) the belief that having workers in the same place is crucial to their success (Dakir 2012). This appears to be based on the view that physical proximity can lead to casual exchanges, which in turn can lead to breakthroughs for products. Heerwagen et al (2004) illustrates that it is evident that â€Å"knowledge work is a highly cognitive and social activity†. Non-verbal communication is complex and involves many unconscious mechanisms e.g. gesture, body language, posture, facial expression, eye contact, pheromones, proxemics, chronemics, haptics, and paralanguage (Denstadli et al 2013). So, although virtual interaction can be valuable it is not a replacement for face-to-face interaction, particularly for initial meetings of individuals or teams. Furthermore, the increase in remote working has indicated that face-to-face interaction is important for motivation, team-building, mentoring, a sense of belonging and loyalty, arguably more so than in place-centred workgroups (Deprez and Tissen 2009). Conclusion The role of knowledge management in the workplace has become an increasingly valuable segment of a company’s resources. This study examined the practice of working remotely versus employee interaction in the work place providing many illuminating developments. Despite the early optimism that emerging technology was going to provide the end all to employee work habits have proven less than fully realized. The evidence in this study has continuously illustrated an environment that requires the innovative, face to face interaction in order to maintain a competitive edge in the industry. Further, the very environment that promotes this free exchange of ideals is not adequately substituted by technology. In short, the evidence provided in this study has clearly demonstrated the advantage that the in house employee has over the remote worker. The impromptu encounters between employees are very often the elements needed for progress. What is clear is that in order for a business to capitalize on their full range of available resources virtually requires, face to face personal interaction in order to fully realize the firms full potential. In the end, it will be the combination of leadership, teamwork and innovation that provides business with the best environment, not necessarily how much technology is available. References Dalkir, K. 2005. Knowledge management in theory and practice. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Butterworth Heinemann. Denstadli, J., Gripsrud, M., Hjorthol, R. and Julsrud, T. 2013. Videoconferencing and business air travel: Do new technologies produce new interaction patterns?. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 29 pp. 1–13. Nonaka, I. and Takeuchi, H. 2011. The wise leader. Harvard Business Review, 89 (5), pp. 58–67. Noorderhaven, N. and Harzing, A. 2009. Knowledge-sharing and social interaction within MNEs.Journal of International Business Studies, 40 (5), pp. 719–741. Rhoads, M. 2010. Face-to-Face and Computer-Mediated Communication: What Does Theory Tell Us and What Have We Learned so Far?. Journal of Planning Literature, 25 (2), pp. 111–122. Tallman, S. and Chacar, A. 2011. Knowledge Accumulation and Dissemination in MNEs: A Practice-Based Framework. Journal of Management Studies, 48 (2), pp. 278–304.